Romania, a member of the European Union, offers various options for individuals seeking residency or citizenship. Whether you’re relocating for work, family, or personal reasons, understanding the processes for obtaining residency and citizenship is essential. This guide outlines all the pathways, requirements, and timelines for both residency and citizenship in Romania.
1. Residency in Romania
Romania provides different types of residency permits based on your purpose for staying in the country. The procedures vary depending on whether you are an EU/EEA/Swiss citizen or a non-EU national.
Residency for EU/EEA/Swiss Citizens
Citizens of EU/EEA countries and Switzerland enjoy free movement rights in Romania. For stays longer than 90 days, you must register your residence with the General Inspectorate for Immigration and obtain a Registration Certificate.
Requirements:
A valid ID or passport.
Proof of purpose (employment contract, proof of financial means, or enrollment in an educational institution).
Proof of accommodation in Romania.
Validity: The Registration Certificate is valid for up to 5 years and is renewable.
Residency for Non-EU Citizens
Non-EU nationals must obtain a long-stay visa (Type D) before entering Romania for extended stays. Once in Romania, you can apply for a Temporary Residence Permit. The permit is valid for one year and renewable annually.
Types of Long-Stay Visas (Type D):
Employment Visa: Requires a work contract and a work permit issued by Romanian authorities.
Study Visa: Requires a letter of acceptance from a Romanian educational institution and proof of financial resources.
Family Reunification Visa: For close relatives of Romanian citizens or legal residents.
Business Visa: For entrepreneurs establishing a business in Romania.
Requirements for a Temporary Residence Permit:
Valid passport.
Long-stay visa (Type D).
Proof of purpose (employment contract, enrollment certificate, etc.).
Health insurance.
Proof of financial means.
Criminal record certificate (if applicable).
Processing Time: Typically 30-90 days after submitting all documents.
Long-Term Residency: After legally residing in Romania for 5 years, you can apply for a long-term residence permit, valid for 10 years.
2. Citizenship in Romania
Romanian citizenship can be acquired through naturalization, ancestry, or birth/adoption. The process and timeline depend on your circumstances.
Citizenship by Naturalization
Naturalization is the most common pathway for foreign nationals seeking Romanian citizenship.
Requirements:
Residency: Legally reside in Romania for 8 years, or 5 years if married to a Romanian citizen.
Language Proficiency: Demonstrate sufficient knowledge of the Romanian language.
Cultural Knowledge: Understand the Constitution and national anthem.
Integration: Show evidence of integration into Romanian society.
Good Character: Have no criminal record or activities threatening public order or security.
Fast-Track Eligibility:
Refugees or individuals contributing significantly to Romania (e.g., significant investors) may apply after 4 years of residency.
Timeline:
Residency Requirement: 8 years (or 5 years if married to a Romanian citizen).
Processing Time: 6 months to 2 years after application.
Citizenship by Descent
If you have Romanian ancestry, you may qualify for citizenship by descent.
Eligibility:
At least one parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent was a Romanian citizen.
Proof of lineage through birth and marriage certificates.
Process:
Gather all documents proving ancestry.
Translate and legalize documents into Romanian.
Submit the application to the National Authority for Citizenship or a Romanian consulate abroad.
Timeline: Processing time varies but typically takes 6 months to 2 years.
Citizenship by Birth or Adoption
By Birth: Children born to at least one Romanian parent automatically acquire citizenship, regardless of the place of birth.
By Adoption: A child adopted by Romanian citizens acquires citizenship automatically.
Key Differences: Residency vs. Citizenship.
Feature | Residency | Citizenship |
Legal Rights | Right to live, work, and study in Romania | Full rights, including voting and EU benefits |
Duration | Temporary (1 year) or long-term (5-10 years) | Permanent and transferable to descendants |
EU Mobility | Limited; requires additional permits | Full EU mobility as an EU citizen |
Language Requirement | Not required for residency | Required for citizenship |
Processing Time | 1-3 months for residency | 6 months to 2 years after application |
Conclusion
Obtaining residency or citizenship in Romania is a structured process with clear requirements and benefits. Residency is an excellent first step for those seeking to work, study, or live in Romania, while citizenship offers full rights and the benefits of being an EU national. Understanding your eligibility and preparing the necessary documentation will help ensure a smooth process.
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